General ENGINEERING

Civil Construction

Excavation
Grading
Paving
Underground construction

Railway

On-the-ground rail
Underground rail

Utilities

Underground water main pipeline
Underground gas pipeline
Over-ground oil pipeline
Underground high-voltage cable
Underground mid-voltage cable

Bridge

There are five (5) main types of bridges:

Girder bridges
Arch bridges
Cable-stayed bridges
Rigid Frame Bridges
Truss bridges

Shoring

Types of shoring:

Aluminum hydraulic shoring
Pneumatic shoring
Aluminum pneumatic shoring
Side rail shoring

Shoring is mostly utilized in:

Trenches
Building excavation

Tunneling

Three basic types of tunnel construction is in general use:

Cut-and-cover tunnel: constructed in a shallow trench and then covered over.
Bored tunnel: constructed in situ, without removing the ground above. They are usually of circular or horseshoe cross-section.
Immersed tube tunnel: sunk into a body of water and laid on or buried just under its bed.

Road & Highway

Roads can be classified for use by the public as parkways, avenues, freeways, interstates, highways, or primary, secondary, and tertiary local roads.
Cloverleaf interchange is a two-level interchange in which left turns (reverse directions in left-driving regions) are handled by ramp roads. To go left (in right-hand traffic), vehicles first continue as one road passes over or under the other, then exit right onto a one-way three-fourths loop ramp (270°) and merge onto the intersecting road. The objective of a cloverleaf is to allow two highways to cross without the need for any traffic to be stopped by red lights, even for left and right turns. The limiting factor in the capacity of a cloverleaf interchange is traffic weaving.

Caissons

Caissons are used for bridge piers, abutments in rivers and lakes, docks and wharves, break water and other shore protections works, large water front structures such as pump houses subjected to very heavy vertical and horizontal loads, and building foundation on steep slope, which generally are used for:

Water front/within structures
Building structures